A 54-year-old male was found to have a blood pressure of 160/94 mmHg on several occasions. The most likely cause?
Chronic renal failure
Thyrotoxicosis
Phaeochromocytoma
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Essential HTN
Mr X, a 61-year-old SCUBA trainer and a heavy smoker complained of occipital headache and blurring of vision. His BP was 200/110 mmHg. After emergency treatment, Mr X underwent a biopsy which appears below. What is the arrow pointing to?
Caseous necrosis
Amyloidosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Collagenisation
Hyalinosis
A middle-aged man died in a car crash. His personal belongings included an unused strip of Atenolol. Appearance of his kidney at autospy is shown. What is the most likely diagnosis?
No significant pathology
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
"Flea-bitten kidney"
Benign nephrosclerosis
A middle-aged man died in a car crash. His personal belongings included an unused strip of Atenolol. The image below shows the suspected cause of his car crash. What is the diagnosis?
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Cerebral infarction
Glial tumour
Tuberculoma of brain
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
A 61-year-old retired school teacher had mild hypertension not responding to treatment. She also complained of muscle weakness. Her plasma renin level was low. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Renal ischaemia
Adrenal cortical tumour
Cushing's syndrome
32-year-old woman with long-standing dysponeoa and cough. Afebrile. Recently developed pedal oedema. Chest examination shows bilateral crepitations, mid-diastolic murmur. Gross specimen of lung is shown. What is the diagnosis?
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Chronic venous congestion
Pneumoconiosis
Adenocarcinoma
75-year-old man, died of chronic cor pulmonale. Liver at autopsy is shown. What is the diagnosis?
Cirrhosis of liver
Fatty liver
Hepatoma
Heptatis
Nutmeg liver
48-year-old chronic alcoholic with exertional dyspnoea, cough, fatigue. Examination shows afebrile, generalised oedema, bilateral crepitations. No evidence of iscahemia or valvular disease. Gross heart specimen is shown. What is the diagnosis?
Rheumatic carditis
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Chronic cor pulmonale
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
In a patient who has sustained myocardial injury, which of the following is the earliest step in the development of heart failure?
Loss of parasympathetic impulses
Sympathetic overactivity
Renal vasoconstriction
Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism
Sodium retention